Therapeutic jurisprudence study re guidelines and standards, research on efficacy and outcomes of therapeutic jurisprudence in the family courts,

Children need. . . THIS? standards and practices in chld custody evaluations
CHILD CUSTODY EVALUATORS: IN THEIR OWN WORDS
APA Guidelines for Evaluating Parental Responsibility - parenting evaluations - child custody


Page One: The "Trial Within a Trial"
Court-Appointed Custody Evaluators
Waste Judicial Resources and Parents' Funds

Page one: an illustration of the process
Page two: a conversation by psychs about a child custody evaluation
Page three: the same psychs discuss a diagnostic dilemma

The primary reason psychologists and other mental health professionals should be banned from the family court systems, except to answer limited and narrowly-defined questions actually within their expertise, is that their presence does not add value, but rather, wastes court, lawyer, and litigant time, money and resources.

AN ILLUSTRATION

Consider two cases, below, simplified to highlight pertinent parts. In both cases, Parent A and Parent B are contesting custody. There are a number of statutory custody factors which the judge must consider. Some factors carry with them a presumption regarding how they are to be weighted or who has the burden of proof, and other factors do not.

CASE ONE

(1) The parties each have a limited but adequate amount of litigation funds. Each of them hires a lawyer.

(2) Lawyer A subpoenas witnesses and gathers evidence pertaining to each of the statutory custody factors.

(3) Lawyer B subpoenas witnesses and gathers evidence pertaining to each of the statutory custody factors.

(4) The witnesses are deposed, and each party's evidence is examined by the other.

(5) A date is set for hearing, for which the judge has allowed adequate time to hear all the evidence.

(6) At the hearing, the witnesses testify in court, and the documentary evidence is introduced into court, all in accordance with the rules of evidence that have been developed to help assure the reliability of the evidence, and subject to cross-examination.

(7) The judge makes a decision. Maybe it's appealed. And maybe it's not. But for now at least, it's...

(8) Done.

Continued, next page: The Detectives
and on page three: The Diagnosticians

Erroneous Belief in Benefit Where None Exists.
Isn't it Time We Ditched this Bad Idea?
Also see therapeutic jurisprudence index


Psychology is not science -- or good law

Arguments made by custody evaluators for not turning over test records and data, and why those arguments are wrong

Why therapeutic jurisprudence must be taken out of our family courts

"On the basis of the 'best interests of children standard', mental health professionals are not currently capable of offering scientifically derived opinions detailing an appropriate custodial placement for a child." -- Daniel A. Krauss & Bruce D. Sales, Legal Standards, Expertise, and Experts in the Resolution of Child Custody Cases, 6 Psychol.Pub.Pol.L.866 (2000)

Emery, Otto & Donohue: Child Custody Law - Limited Science and a Flawed System

Dore: Friendly Parent Concept, A Flawed Factor

Ducote: Guardians ad Litem in Custody Litigation

Bruch: Sound Research or Wishful Thinking?

Kelly & Ramsey: Child Custody Evaluations: the need for systems level outcome assessments (2009)

Dineen: Psychologists and Custody Evaluation Reports - Illusions of Expertise, Ethics and Objectivity

Dawes: House of Cards - Psychology & Psychotherapy Built on Myth

Parenting Coordination

Parenting Coordinator Issues

Emily Buss on Why children should not be deemed to have "associational rights" and why third party guardians ad litem, forensic psychologists, therapists and other mental health professionals cannot possibly assess a child's interests in this regard. Her arguments apply to a wide variety of assessments.

Kates: Reevaluating the Evaluators - Rethinking the Assumptions

Custody Evaluator Quotes 

Studies indicate that parents who are subjected to the forced and artificial arrangement of their families by third party evaluators have two to two and a half times the rate of relitigation of parents who do not undergo the custody evaluation process. See Ash, P. and Guyer, J.J. (1986b). Relitigation after contested custody and visitation evaluations. Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 14, 323-330; and Johnston, J.R. (1999) Developing and testing group interventions for families at impasse. Final Report submitted to the Statewide Office of Family Court Services, Administrative Office of the Courts, Judicial Council of the State of California, San Francisco.

CASE TWO, having the addition of a helpful CUSTODY EVALUATOR

(1) The parties each have a limited but adequate amount of litigation funds. Each of them hires a lawyer.

(2) Lawyer A subpoenas witnesses and gathers evidence pertaining to each of the statutory custody factors.

(3) Lawyer B subpoenas witnesses and gathers evidence pertaining to each of the statutory custody factors.

(4) The witnesses are deposed, and each party's evidence is examined by the other.

(5) A date is set for hearing for which the judge, peeved that the case didn't settle, and in the habit of avoiding responsibility for custody issues, allows inadequate time to hear the evidence.

(6) At the hearing, the lawyers rush through an inadequate presentation of their respective cases. At the end of this inadequate cursory hearing, the judge does not feel that he has sufficient information to make a decision, and so his ruling, as he anticipated for that likelihood, is for the appointment of a custody evaluator.

(7) The parties are ordered to take a portion of their litigation funds and divert them to payment of the evaluator. When one party objects, the judge makes a snappy quip poo-pooing this objection and pointing out that the party had plenty of money to hire a private lawyer and issue lots of subpoenas and do depositions. (The delays also screw up decision-making on financial issues)

(8) The evaluator, a psychologist or other mental health professional, not qualified by training to act as a judge or investigator or legal analyst, let alone pose as an "expert" in these matters, who nevertheless believes he is the "eyes and ears of the court" and all-around uber-mavin, commences his detective work.
        He reinterviews some of each party's witnesses and ignores others. He decides that he needs to hear from school personnel, doctors, and other "collaterals" who have not been introduced by either party and proceeds to send these people letters, and hold telephone and in-person interviews with them. Some of them he finds credible, and some not, and on his own, weights what they have to say accordingly.
        He second-guesses the parties' respective presentations of the various custody factors, and decides that some of them, such as "morality" are not relevant. He ignores legal presumptions or burdens of proof applicable to others, because he does not understand them. He applies a criminal law burden of proof ("beyond a reasonable doubt") to factors that strike him as being similar to criminal matters. To others that he feels come within some area of his "scientific expertise" he applies the standard of "to a reasonable degree of scientific certainty" -- and if they don't meet that, discounts them altogether.
        He has the parties and the children come back and forth to his office for multiple meetings in different combinations. He also has all of them sit for a battery of psychometric tests. He decides that there are diagnoses that could be applied to one or both parties, as well as additional issues in the case that they could have but did not introduce, and so includes these.
        He does a home study in which he fantasizes about whether he would enjoy living as a kid in the parties' respective houses.... etc.

(9) The custody evaluator issues a report with recommendations, which may or may comport with what the judge in Case One would have decided, but frequently are somewhat or altogether different, and in some cases are completely crackpot, the result of ignorant thinking riddled with bias. But let's not presume anything for purposes of this exercise, and say only that Party A likes the recommendations and Party B does not. If one or both parties now have been drained of available funds, an unhealthy, unjust, or unworkable settlement might occur at this point. If not...

(10) A date is set for a second hearing, for which the court again allows inadequate time to hear the evidence because he thinks he can rely mostly on the court-appointed custody evaluator's recommendations. This second hearing is going to be primarily about, not the case, but the custody evaluator and what he did. Even though the court has shortchanged the parties' time at both hearings, the combined time, with the addition of multiple interim hearings and discovery squabbling, will now likely far exceed what the judge in Case One had to provide.

(11) Lawyer A issues subpoenas and gathers evidence pertaining to the custody evaluator, his training, and the favorable and/or new witnesses and hearsay evidence he used in his report, in order to support Lawyer A's case at the upcoming second hearing. Some of this involves re-doing work already done for prior witnesses who, according to the evaluator, provided evidence different from their prior testimony.

(12) Lawyer B issues subpoenas and gathers evidence pertaining to the custody evaluator, his training, his investigation process, his tests, and unfavorable and/or new witnesses and hearsay evidence he used in his report. Some of this is requires legal wrangling with a recalcitrant psych, or psycho-babble-specific work, which induces Lawyer B to hire a consulting forensic. Some of this involves re-doing work already done for prior witnesses who, according to the evaluator, provided evidence different from their prior testimony.

(13) The amount of legal work for the parties and lawyers, and the complexity and cost of the case now has been increased exponentially. Exacerbating this...

(14) Party B hires a reviewing evaluator to help him prove that the court-appointed evaluator was inexpert, untrained, biased, or otherwise did his evaluation improperly, and plans to move for a second evaluation.

(15) Lawyer A issues subpoenas and evidence pertaining to the custody evaluation reviewer, his training, his thinking processes, and depending upon how bad the court appointee apparently was, also may hire a consulting forensic...

(...) At some point it's such a mess that no one remembers what the issues in the case originally were. Years may go by. Judges rotate and change. Parties run out of money. Lawyers withdraw for nonpayment. Tempers flare. Mistakes are made. Squabbling over discovery geometrically increases.. Because of the lengthy time in which the litigation continues, new events occur which have to be addressed. Temporary judicial orders based on inadequate and bad evidence have been repeatedly uttered, contested, and possibly appealed. A frustrated judge may order a parenting coordinator. One or the other party may be ordered into various supervised visitations or therapies at the recommendation of the custody evaluator, or of a guardian ad litem who thinks that custody evaluators know what they are doing. Parties positions harden and polarize. An inordinate amount of parental time and money, resources that otherwise should have gone to the family and for the children is forever gone... and it just goes on and on...

An improvement, do you think?    
...Children need This?    

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